Water use

Examples include volume of groundwater consumed, volume of surface water consumed, etc.

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Damage protective vegetation.	Poor vegetation cover. Damage protective vegetation.	Human action	Short term	Local
Climate change driven rising temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns and an increase in extreme weather events threatens fodder crop production.	Models suggest substantial risks to the volume, volatility, and quality of animal feed supply chains despite some gains in productivity.	Human action	Long-term	Global
Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns creates the risk of crop failure, e.g. the 2010 Russian heatwave and the 2012 US Midwest drought.	Decreasing yields of cereals, contributing to higher food prices and a greater demand than supply.	Human action	Long-term	Global
Damage protective vegetation. Loss of cover due to event induced tree throw. Scalding removes topsoil.	Reduction of erosion control.	Human action or Natural variation	Short-Long term	Global
Drought displaces or reduces populations of biota. Also reduces thickness of soil water films and inhibits enzymes.	Disturbance of biotic and abiotic factors poses environmental constraints that can temporarily or indefinitely affect decomposition sensitivity.	Human action	Short-Long term	Local-Global

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Increased evaporation rates and reduced freshwater flow resulting in deterioration of the water quality.	Reduction of the dilution capacity of point source effluents. Decline in water quality is primarily caused by favourable conditions for the development of algae blooms (high water temperatures, long residence times, high nutrient concentrations). Changes in water temperature, eutrophication, major elements, and some heavy metals and metalloids.	Natural variation	Short term	Global
Decrease in the amount of water available to disperse seeds	Decreased seed dispersal by water bodies	Natural variation	Short term	Local
Drought displaces or reduces populations of biota. Also reduces thickness of soil water films and inhibits enzymes.	Disturbance of biotic and abiotic factors poses environmental constraints that can temporarily or indefinitely affect decomposition sensitivity.	Human action	Short-Long term	Local-Global
Increases in nutrients and changes in chemical composition of freshwater bodies. Physical alterations of turbidity and water flow.	Increased nutrients and/or chemicals can upset chemical condition of freshwater.	Human action	Short term	Regional
Anthropogenic climate change is leading to more frequent and severe droughts. Severe decreases in water flows and alterations to the geological characteristics of water bodies (e.g. desiccation of entire rivers).	Decrease in surface water provision.	Human action	Long term	Local-Regional-Global

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Damage protective vegetation.	Poor vegetation cover. Damage protective vegetation.	Human action	Short term	Local
Damage protective vegetation. Loss of cover due to event induced tree throw. Scalding removes topsoil.	Reduction of erosion control.	Human action or Natural variation	Short-Long term	Global
Drought displaces or reduces populations of biota. Also reduces thickness of soil water films and inhibits enzymes.	Disturbance of biotic and abiotic factors poses environmental constraints that can temporarily or indefinitely affect decomposition sensitivity.	Human action	Short-Long term	Local-Global

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Change in service demand based on climate change impacts on water availability.	The adaptability of the animals to climatic changes will determine the availability of the provision of the service. Animals which adapt faster to climate extremes, e.g. to aridity will maintain provision of the service. are most suited to particular areas. Already drought resistant animals (notably donkeys) are becoming increasingly appreciated in the drought affected areas of southern, eastern and western Africa. Over time though, animals adapt to grazing and consuming different types of grasses and plant species dependent upon on location, climate and availability.	Human action	Long term	Global
Climate change driven rising temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns and an increase in extreme weather events threatens fodder crop production.	Models suggest substantial risks to the volume, volatility, and quality of animal feed supply chains despite some gains in productivity.	Human action	Long-term	Global
Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns creates the risk of crop failure, e.g. the 2010 Russian heatwave and the 2012 US Midwest drought.	Decreasing yields of cereals, contributing to higher food prices and a greater demand than supply.	Human action	Long-term	Global
Decrease in the amount of water available to disperse seeds	Decreased seed dispersal by water bodies	Natural variation	Short term	Local
Drought displaces or reduces populations of biota. Also reduces thickness of soil water films and inhibits enzymes.	Disturbance of biotic and abiotic factors poses environmental constraints that can temporarily or indefinitely affect decomposition sensitivity.	Human action	Short-Long term	Local-Global
Increases in nutrients and changes in chemical composition of freshwater bodies. Physical alterations of turbidity and water flow.	Increased nutrients and/or chemicals can upset chemical condition of freshwater.	Human action	Short term	Regional

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Conversion of wetlands for commercial purposes and resource extraction leads to loss of regional climate regulating function.	Conversion of wetlands causes the average temperature to increase by 0.77?C in all four seasons.	Human action	Medium term	Global
Lower species mobility, thus decreased ability to disperse seeds. Altered wind and hydrological processes within a given area will affect how far seeds are dispersed.	Decreased seed dispersal by animals	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Global
Declines in pollinator populations due to reduced access to food and nesting resources (16.5 % of vertebrate pollinator species are threatened with global extinction; in Europe, 9% of bee and butterfly species are threatened, and populations of 37% of bees and 31% of butterflies are declining)	Decreased pollination services during the peak period of pollination (i.e. spring for most crops in temperate zones). 5-8 % of global crop production would be lost if pollination services ceased.	Human action	Short term	Regional
Changes in intensity and extension.	Vegetation alteration can degrade or cause loss of service.	Human action	Short term	Local
Deforestation, loss of biological community.	Alters biological, mechanical and chemical weathering processes. Type of land use determines type of disturbance (tillage, agrochemicals, fertilizers, excrements, etc.) changes soil properties.	Human action	Long term	Local
Changes to the way water flows through landscapes	Increased or decreased availability of water at the local and landscape level.	Human action	Short term	Local

Water use

Drivers of environmental change:

Natural capital assets:

Habitats

Water

Soils and sediments

Species

Natural capital assets:

Atmosphere

Habitats

Minerals

Species

Water

Land geomorphology

Soils and sediments

Natural capital assets:

Species

Natural capital assets:

Water

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Habitat degradation and loss of plant species, thus reducing the number of plants available to perform phyto-remediation.	Decreased ability of plants to perform phyto-remediation.	Human action	Short term	Local
Land use change alters sediment supply causing state change in asset	Carbon burial in marine sediments is reduced; carbon emissions increased	Human action	Short term	Coastal ecosystems
Deforestation reduces tree density and diversity	Evapotranspiration decreases, more ground surface exposed increasing albedo and climate warming	Human action	Medium term	Tropics
Conversion of wetlands for commercial purposes and resource extraction leads to loss of regional climate regulating function.	Conversion of wetlands causes the average temperature to increase by 0.77?C in all four seasons.	Human action	Medium term	Global
Forests converted to cultivated land causes removal of above ground biomass.	Increase in carbon emissions.	Human action	Short term	Tropical forests
Deforestation, reduction in vegetation cover	Decreases stability and resistance of topsoil. No barriers for buffering and attenuation.	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Local
Deforestation, reduction in vegetation cover	Decreases stability and resistance of top-soil. Reduction of erosion control.	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Local
Forest edges opened up, exposing humans to new diseases from previously uncontacted pathogens	Service provision weakens as there are no factors present for the regulation of the disease transmission cycle	Human action	Short term	Developing countries
Deforestation, road construction, agricultural encroachment, dam building, irrigation, coastal zone degradation, wetland modification, mining, and urbanisation	Complex and interlinked response in asset-service system. Interruption of the natural regulation of habitat for disease hosts results in increased exposure of humans to infectious disease	Human action	Short-Long term	Global
Higher water turbidity (from sediment loading) leads to decreased light availability for photosynthesis.	There has been a loss of canopy-forming algae (up to 70 %) on parts of the Adelaide metropolitan coast since major urbanisation.	Human action	Long term	Coastal ecosystems
The transition from natural to artificial coastal habitat dramatically changes species diversity while overall species abundance remains the same	Changes in species diversity will alter habitat composition and could introduce unwanted effects for marine algae such as increase in predators or diseases. This will reduce the quantity and quality of quality of algal-based agricultural materials.	Human action	Medium term	Global
The supply of wood for pulp and wood ash is decreasing as a result of deforestation and unsustainable logging.	Timber plantations expand into natural forests. Models suggest deforestation over degradation in response to market demands resulting in eventual exhaustion of the supply.	Human action	Short term	Global
There is a strong impact of land use on species composition. For example human land uses and secondary vegetation in an early stage of recovery are poor at retaining the species that characterise pristine (untouched) vegetation.	This loss can impact on fibre production (e.g., cotton) and other wild sourced fibres as land is consumed for other uses.	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Global
There is a strong impact of land use on species composition. For example human land uses and secondary vegetation in an early stage of recovery are poor at retaining the species that characterise pristine (untouched) vegetation.	This loss can impact on animal material production and as agricultural land is consumed for other uses.	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Global
Reduction in the habitats available to perform filtration and sequestration.	Decreased ability to perform filtration and sequestration of pollutants at the ecosystem level (e.g. resulting from draining of key habitats such as wetlands, raised and blanket bogs; and from reclamation of marine habitats such as saltmarshes).	Human action	Short term	Local
Reduction or complete destruction of vegetation cover, modification of hydrological regime.	Damage and loss of protective vegetation reduces flood attenuation capacity. Changes in river flow alter extent, duration and frequency of floodplain inundation.	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Local
Freshwater diversion from estuarine areas	Habitat loss leads to disruption of connectivity between spawning, nursery and adult stage habitats.	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Local-Regional
Changes in intensity and extension.	Vegetation alteration can degrade or cause loss of service.	Human action	Short term	Local
Changes in intensity and extension.	Type of land use determine types of disturbance (tillage, agrochemicals, fertilizers, excrements, etc.) and changes soil properties and water flow rates.	Human action	Short term	Local
Increase in non-native species	Changes in habitat characteristics facilitate non-native species which can outcompete native species creating more opportunities for pests.	Human action	Long term	Global
Changes to the way water flows through landscapes	Increased or decreased availability of water at the local and landscape level.	Human action	Short term	Local

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Alters freshwater supply and resources.	Changed habitat dynamics, reduction in stability of blue carbon habitats.	Human action	Short term	Coastal ecosystems
Conversion of wetlands for commercial purposes and resource extraction leads to loss of regional climate regulating function.	Conversion of wetlands causes the average temperature to increase by 0.77?C in all four seasons.	Human action	Medium term	Global
Certain non-fossil aquifers are no longer being replenished due to alterations made to land cover, meaning that if groundwater is abstracted aquifers will be depleted.	Loss of groundwater provision on a local basis.	Human action	Medium term	Local
Freshwater diversion from estuarine areas	Habitat loss leads to disruption of connectivity between spawning, nursery and adult stage habitats.	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Local-Regional
Lower species mobility, thus decreased ability to disperse seeds. Altered wind and hydrological processes within a given area will affect how far seeds are dispersed.	Decreased seed dispersal by animals	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Global
Declines in pollinator populations due to reduced access to food and nesting resources (16.5 % of vertebrate pollinator species are threatened with global extinction; in Europe, 9% of bee and butterfly species are threatened, and populations of 37% of bees and 31% of butterflies are declining)	Decreased pollination services during the peak period of pollination (i.e. spring for most crops in temperate zones). 5-8 % of global crop production would be lost if pollination services ceased.	Human action	Short term	Regional
Changes in intensity and extension.	Vegetation alteration can degrade or cause loss of service.	Human action	Short term	Local
Alters water flow, rock structure, topographic characteristics which alter soil composition	Changing decomposition and fixation processes.	Human action	Long term	Local
Alters water flow and availability, and rock structure and topographic characteristics which alter soil composition.	Changing decomposition and fixation processes	Human action	Short term	Local
Disturbance of natural water flows and sedimentation in catchments leading to geophysical alterations of water bodies Water flow will increase or decrease depending on local conditions.	Increase or decrease in provision of surface water. If a certain volume of water is removed for industrial use and is not returned afterwards, then the total volume of surface water in will be decreased by that volume. Increased sedimentation cuts light to animals, leads to nutrient blooms and loss of oxygen.	Human action	Short term	Local
Anthropogenic climate change is leading to severe decreases in water flows and alterations to the geological characteristics of water bodies (e.g. desiccation of entire rivers).	Decrease in surface water provision.	Human action	Long term	Local-Regional-Global
Changes to the way water flows through landscapes	Increased or decreased availability of water at the local and landscape level.	Human action	Short term	Local

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Diversion of drainage furrows, waterways, dam by washes, etc.	Run-off concentration. Increase soil break up and vulnerability to erosion leading to loss of service.	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Local
Increase slope length and/or steepness	Slope increase causes increase in speed, power and depth of the runoff carrying more soil with it. Influence nature of the soil making it more susceptible to erosion.	Human action	Short-Mid-term	Local
Deforestation, loss of biological community.	Alters biological, mechanical and chemical weathering processes. Type of land use determines type of disturbance (tillage, agrochemicals, fertilizers, excrements, etc.) changes soil properties.	Human action	Long term	Local

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Resistance to biological control measures	Loss of efficiency of biological control agents against plant pathogens, e.g. fungicide resistance in fungal plant pathogens.	Natural variation	Long term	Global
Species, e.g. sea urchins, which predate or act as pests for the kelp components increase in	The service provision does not stop but slows down due to reduction in quality and quantity of the asset.	Natural variation	Long term	Global
Control of predator populations	Food availability through a finite source of prey limits nutritional resource for predators and declines in prey will constrain predator population size too.	Natural variation	Short-Mid-term	Global
Human-induced climate change is affecting pollinator species, mainly butterflies. Alterations in species richness and distributions.	Decreased pollination services where species are declining or moving away from areas and increased pollination in areas where species are moving to.	Human action	Short term	Local-Regional
Increases or decreases in local species richness, resulting in increased or decreased seed dispersal	Decreased seed dispersal by native species. Specialist plants (i.e. that rely on one particular species for dispersal) will be more severely affected.	Human action	Short term	Local-Regional
Extinction risk factors including habitat loss and microbial invasions lead to reduction in microbial populations and diversity.	Diminishes the ability of the microorganisms to consume VOCs and ventilate indoor air.	Human action	Short-Long term	Global

Likely response	Effect of variability on services provision	Human action or natural variation	Timescale	Spatial Characteristics
Fragmentation of the river system.	Reduced dilution ability as river flow is disrupted. Increased human presence creates more effluent flow exacerbating the problem.	Human action	Short term	Global
Depletion of groundwater contained in aquifers. Groundwater in some areas is being used at rates exceeding the rate at which natural processes can replenish stocks. Groundwater represents 18% of water used for agricultural purposes and 13% of that used for energy production and industry purposes.	Decreased provision of groundwater. Unsustainable water abstraction from aquifers for human use is leading to drastic water shortages.	Human action	Medium term	Local
Reduction in the amount of water in natural resources (e.g. surface and groundwater)	Changes in when and where water returns to the atmosphere, affects local or regional water balances and precipitation patterns.	Human action	Medium term	Local-Regional